The Blood Bank

                                                   BLOOD BANK

A placed where blood is collected from a donor, typed, separated into components, stored & prepared for transfusion to recipients.

                                                               

INTRODUCTION

Blood bank typically refers to a division of a hospital laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and performed to save the lives & risk of transfusion-related events.

IMPORTANCE

A blood bank is ensuring to saving lives in emergency & promote health status by donating blood.

OBJECTIVE

Ø Gain knowledge, why its necessary about blood bank services in hospitals.

Ø Why should donate blood with health benefits by blood donation

Ø Blood donation eligibility

Ø Blood type & matches

ROLE/SCOPE

Ø Recruitment of donors & maintain donor record

Ø Collection , preservation & distribution of blood & blood components

Ø Community awareness programs for transfusion-transmitted diseases

Ø Maintaining outreach programs for blood donation camps in the community

Ø Maintaining a database for various types of blood groups

Ø Testing for hepatitis, malaria, HIV , VDRL

Ø Teaching, training & research

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Should be located on the ground floor & have direct access from the main entrance. Located close to the emergency department, operation theatre complex & hospital clinical service departments.

Ø Administrative office

Ø Donor recruitment office

Ø Laboratory

Ø Therapeutic area

Ø Record keeping

Ø Bleeding room

Ø Storage room

Ø Teaching & Training area

Ø Area for blood bank—100sq mtr, consisting of registration and examination room, blood collection room, sterilization & washing room, refreshment room, store & record room

Ø Other facilities-water, electricity, sewage disposal, storage system, etc.

Storage Equipment

Ø Equipments for routine work:

Refrigerators, distillation plant, hot air oven, incubators, Binocular microscope, BP apparatus, Weighing machine, VDRL agitator, Weighing scale, Tube stripper, cutter, aluminum clips, etc.

Ø Additional equipment for blood storage -

Dielectric tube sealer, vortex mixture, laminar airflow, Micro plateagitator, Magnetic stirrer, etc.

Ø Blood components work equipment -

Blood bank refrigerated centrifuge, freezer , plasma separation stand, platelet agitator , cryoprecipitate, Computer, Printer, UPS, Stand by generator, etc

Ø Screening of blood equipment-

ELISA system , kits for HbsAg , HIV, HCV, VDRL

Types/category of blood banks

Type I—requiring 3-7 units of blood/bed/yr OR 100-400 beds strength

Type II—requiring 8-15 units of blood/bed/yr OR 400-1000 beds hospital

Type III—consuming> 16/bed/yr OR beds strength>1000

Staffing

Ü Professor/Reader- 01

ü Lecturer- 01

ü Nurses- 02

ü Technician- 06

ü Lab attendants- 06

ü Storekeeper- 06

ü Record clerks- 02

ü Housekeeping- 02

Policies & Procedures

Ø Selection of donors & bleeding of donors(safety)

Ø Donor—18 to 60yrs ( Hb-12.5gm-F, 13.5gm-M , wt-45kg, PR-50-100/min, BP (sp-90/160, Dp-50//100 mm hg

Ø Deferral of donors( History/current disease)

Ø Identification details(Name, age/sex, address)

Ø Consent

Ø Preparation(Regular meal, no alcohol within 12hrs

Ø Phlebotomy

Ø Labeling & storage

Ø Tests on donor blood

Ø Pre transfusion testing of recipient’s blood

Ø Issue of blood

LABELING & STORAGE

Ø Store at 1-4 deg in proper Blood Bank refrigerator

Ø Untested tested and cross-matched blood in other refrigerators

Ø Standard color labels used for labeling of donor blood

Ø Bag no. date of collection, expiry, grouping relevant information properly & clearly mentioned.

Ø Correct information on cross-matched

Test on donor blood

Ø ABO & Rh Typing: Confirmation of donors blood & antibody screening carried out in donor laboratory.

Ø Every donor’s blood should be tested in laboratory-like infectious, such as HIV, Hepatitis-B, HCV, VDRL & Malaria.

Pre transfusion testing:

Ø Recipients First & last name, age/sex, bed number, Hospital registration number

Ø Specimen should be labeled bedside with full name, date, identification number.

Ø ABO & Rh typing should be done before blood collect

Ø Cross-matching should be done in every unit of blood.

Ø Antibody screening is essential

Medico-legal aspects

The blood bank or transfusion service should have its own constitution. There some legal & responsibility of authority that are followed.

Ø Function under licensed, qualified, trained & experienced physician

Ø ( Responsible for all medical, technical & administrative services.)

Ø Blood banks should be licensed by the state Drug Controller.

Ø Approved by Drug controller General & should be regulated by Drugs & Cosmetic Acts.

Ø Maintain the detailed SOP manual.

Ø Should have their own quality & procedure policy.

Ø Consent is mandatory

Ø Adverse reaction

An adverse reaction is uncommon

Ø Prevented & mayn’t be some

Ø Mild to lethal

Ø May be acute with immediate or may be delayed for days or month

Treatment

Ø Treatment should start as soon as possible.

Ø Avoid changes of negligence

Ø Never administered without consent

Ø Immediately stop transfusion if a reaction occurs

Ø Start the supportive treatment

Ø Maintain record about treatment

Blood Donation Camp

Voluntary blood donation programs:

Ø Awareness among community

Ø Intending donors get opportunities to donate according to their

Ø Community participation

Ø Recruits new donors

Ø Health status & habits of intending blood

Ø Demonstration effect

Ø Organizers quality blood is assured

Ø Convert non-donor to donor

Ø Familiar faces and known atmosphere creats

Ø Camp should be far away from Blood Bank

Ø Checklist of Blood donation instrument/instrument should be maintained

Challenges

Ø Safe blood

Ø Modernization of Blood Bank

Ø Arrangement in Emergency

Ø Electricity failure

Ø Improvement of quality assurance

Ø Awareness & camp

Ø Safety measurement